{
  "name": "Modern Airline Retailing Knowledge Base",
  "version": "2026-06-28",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://www.modernairlineretailing.com/knowledge-base.json",
  "description": "Structured airline retailing concepts for AI assistants, search engines, and practitioners learning Offer and Order transformation.",
  "editorialPrinciples": [
    "Prefer operational definitions over vendor slogans.",
    "Separate industry standards from airline-specific implementation choices.",
    "Explain how concepts connect across commercial, technical, accounting, and servicing workflows."
  ],
  "concepts": [
    {
      "id": "offer",
      "name": "Offer",
      "alternateNames": ["Airline offer", "Retail offer"],
      "definition": "A priced proposal from an airline or seller that combines flights, ancillaries, conditions, availability, and merchandising context before purchase.",
      "quickAnswer": "An offer is what the customer can buy now: itinerary, price, services, rules, and expiry packaged for a channel.",
      "keyFacts": [
        "Offers should be time-bound because availability and price can change.",
        "Modern offers can include seats, bags, bundles, carbon options, lounge access, and partner content.",
        "Offer quality depends on inventory, pricing, rules, customer context, and channel capability."
      ],
      "relationships": [
        { "type": "creates", "target": "order" },
        { "type": "uses", "target": "iata-ndc" },
        { "type": "optimized-by", "target": "continuous-pricing" }
      ],
      "learningPath": ["iata-ndc", "continuous-pricing", "order"]
    },
    {
      "id": "order",
      "name": "Order",
      "alternateNames": ["Airline order", "Customer order"],
      "definition": "A persistent retail record of purchased air and non-air products, payment status, delivery status, and servicing history.",
      "quickAnswer": "An order is the post-purchase record that tracks what was bought, paid, delivered, changed, refunded, or exchanged.",
      "keyFacts": [
        "Orders make servicing easier when each item has clear ownership, status, and financial history.",
        "Order management reduces dependency on fragmented PNR, ticket, and EMD records.",
        "Good order design preserves auditability for revenue accounting and customer care."
      ],
      "relationships": [
        { "type": "created-from", "target": "offer" },
        { "type": "standardized-by", "target": "one-order" },
        { "type": "settled-through", "target": "settlement-with-orders" }
      ],
      "learningPath": ["offer", "one-order", "settlement-with-orders"]
    },
    {
      "id": "iata-ndc",
      "name": "IATA NDC",
      "alternateNames": ["New Distribution Capability", "NDC"],
      "definition": "An IATA messaging standard that lets airlines and sellers exchange richer shopping, offer, order, and servicing data than legacy distribution messages typically support.",
      "quickAnswer": "NDC is a distribution messaging standard for richer airline shopping and servicing, not a retail strategy by itself.",
      "keyFacts": [
        "NDC enables richer content, but commercial value depends on airline APIs, seller integration, and servicing coverage.",
        "Schema version alignment and capability discovery are common implementation challenges.",
        "NDC can coexist with aggregators, direct connects, and legacy GDS paths during transition."
      ],
      "relationships": [
        { "type": "exchanges", "target": "offer" },
        { "type": "supports", "target": "order" },
        { "type": "migration-path-to", "target": "one-order" }
      ],
      "learningPath": ["offer", "order", "one-order"]
    },
    {
      "id": "one-order",
      "name": "ONE Order",
      "alternateNames": ["IATA ONE Order", "Order-based airline retailing"],
      "definition": "An IATA modernization direction that consolidates reservation, ticketing, and electronic miscellaneous document concepts into an order-centric model.",
      "quickAnswer": "ONE Order aims to replace fragmented booking, ticket, and EMD records with a single order record for products and servicing.",
      "keyFacts": [
        "ONE Order is as much an operating-model change as it is a technology change.",
        "Airlines often need transitional bridges for interline, settlement, disruption, and accounting processes.",
        "Order item granularity is critical for delivery, changes, refunds, and revenue recognition."
      ],
      "relationships": [
        { "type": "standardizes", "target": "order" },
        { "type": "requires", "target": "settlement-with-orders" },
        { "type": "built-on", "target": "iata-ndc" }
      ],
      "learningPath": ["order", "settlement-with-orders"]
    },
    {
      "id": "continuous-pricing",
      "name": "Continuous Pricing",
      "alternateNames": ["Dynamic pricing", "Airline continuous pricing"],
      "definition": "A pricing approach that can create prices between or beyond filed fare ladders while respecting controls, availability, and commercial guardrails.",
      "quickAnswer": "Continuous pricing lets airlines price more flexibly than fixed filed fare buckets, but it still needs governance and explainable guardrails.",
      "keyFacts": [
        "Continuous pricing should respect revenue management bid prices and displacement cost.",
        "Guardrails help prevent brand dilution, regulatory risk, and channel inconsistency.",
        "Testing should compare conversion gain against yield, servicing, and accounting complexity."
      ],
      "relationships": [
        { "type": "optimizes", "target": "offer" },
        { "type": "distributed-via", "target": "iata-ndc" }
      ],
      "learningPath": ["offer", "iata-ndc"]
    },
    {
      "id": "settlement-with-orders",
      "name": "Settlement with Orders",
      "alternateNames": ["Order-based settlement", "Revenue accounting for orders"],
      "definition": "The financial processes that reconcile order items, payments, delivery evidence, refunds, exchanges, partner obligations, and revenue accounting entries.",
      "quickAnswer": "Settlement with Orders means money, delivery, refunds, exchanges, and partner shares are reconciled against order items instead of only tickets or EMDs.",
      "keyFacts": [
        "Order item lineage is essential for audit trails and revenue recognition.",
        "Partner and interline scenarios need clear ownership of fulfillment and financial liability.",
        "Legacy settlement bridges may remain necessary while industry participants transition."
      ],
      "relationships": [
        { "type": "reconciles", "target": "order" },
        { "type": "supports", "target": "one-order" }
      ],
      "learningPath": ["order", "one-order"]
    }
  ]
}